Essay on Nurses Must Provide Emotional Support to Patients

People often hear the saying â€Å"No man is an island.† This is because every individual needs other people in order to survive. It is definitely true that the three basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter must be given to people in order to survive in their environment. However, it does not end there. Those necessities are not good enough to make someone live a happy life. In order to achieve a life worth living, one must have a good relationship with the people present in his or her surroundings. An individual must be a part of an effective social process. This could mean that he or she should be able to give and to receive emotional care from other people. Rendering care and comfort to someone is such a good feeling, but to†¦show more content†¦In order for an individual to satisfy the need for self actualization, he or she must satisfy first the four needs since self-actualization is the highest form of need. This paper aims to explore the underlying assumptions of concepts such as care, comfort, loneliness, and isolation. It also seeks to relate these assumptions to a grand concept of relation practice. To achieve this, the world of an individual who experiences one of those concepts would be examined, specifically the situation of a female suffering from a sickness called encephalitis, using the model proposed by Abraham Maslow. In order to come up with good results, the author would conduct an in-depth analysis of the concepts and of the situation of this female who is married and has two kids. She is suffering from encephalitis and she does not have a good relationship with her husband. This paper also aims to present a description of the concepts, the limitation of the concepts, and an analysis of the discrepancies that appear in the literature regarding the concept. Review of the Literature In exploring the concept of relation practice, it is unavoidable to look at the conditions of nurses who are providing care and comfort for the patients in the hospitals. In differentShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Vulnerability, Perfectionism, And Shame From The Book Daring Greatly By Brene Brown1600 Words   |  7 Pagesteam to having difficult conversations with a patient, nurses must be engaged in their own feelings to understand how that can influence the way they provide care or deal with stressors in the healthcare setting. The purpose of this paper is to examine how the concepts of vulnerability, perfectionism, and shame from the book Daring Greatly (2012) by Brenà © Brown apply in nursing practice and leadership in the terms of empathy, patient advocacy, and nurse burnout. 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The patients need support in the hospital environment toRead MoreConcept Analysis In Nursing1158 Words   |  5 Pageswill take a deeper look at one specific concept, emotional intelligence, and examine a peer reviewed article that utilizes the Walker and Avant method to deconstruct the meaning. Emotional intelligence is asks the nurse to look at their own feelings and the feelings of others to achieve a successful nurse-patient interaction. Lastly, this paper will show how emotional intelligence can be applied in practice. Concept for Analysis The nurse-patient interaction is the keystone to providing qualityRead MoreHospice And Palliative Care Organization1541 Words   |  7 Pagesis referred to as Hospice. Here, patients who are terminally ill may be placed in Hospice care, where they will be under constant supervision and will be cared for. 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They must be able to promote health and prevent disease by providing physical care, support, education, and resources available to all ages and cultures within the community. A nurse shouldRead MoreComfort and Emotional Support for the Terminally Ill1187 Words   |  5 Pagesgreat opportunity to take advantage of; it is used for patients who are not to be recovered from their illness but rather to provide comfort and emotional support to the terminally ill, resulting in the patient being as comfortable as possible. The caregiver and patient can also have an extra support system from the nurse and interdisciplinary team. Not everyone understands what hospice is and has different views on what it may offer to the patient and family. According to the National Hospice and Palliative

Democracy or Dictatorship Free Essays

It is very unfortunate that after 63 years of creation of Pakistan added to the 200 years of struggle against foreign intruders, we are still debating over Democracy and Dictatorship is Pakistan. We were able to get an independent state but failed to give freedom, equality, tolerance, social justice and democracy to its people. Iqbal’s Pakistan was never achieved; we got Jinnah’s Pakistan but lost part of it in 1971. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy or Dictatorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s up to us whether we blame it on failed democracy or thriving dictatorship; but truth is that we lost the identity of largest country achieved for Muslim minority of Indian subcontinent. Going through the pages of political history of Pakistan; rather take out just a moment of your time to remember the names of all the â€Å"Democratic Premiers† and all the â€Å"Democratic Presidents† who ruled us over the period of time. I am emphasizing on â€Å"Democratic† because we have seen dictators also produced their own presidents and ministers; I bet you can’t remember them, at least I can’t. On contrary if we start naming dictators; not only names, their time of rule, their duration of rule, even we can write books on their personal lives; why is that? It is not criticism on our general knowledge, rather it is the reminder sad truth we have been living all our lives. I can talk on behalf of today’s generation, the first news we ever heard about politics was the 1999 military coup over democratic government. And then we spent our age of growth and learning under military rule. The other day I was discussing with my father and he told me that when he was in school, Ayub Khan ruled Pakistan; at his professional age Zia-ul-Haq ruled our country and when they got more senior Musharaf came. Just look at history of all the major events or major achievements we ever got were at the time of dictatorship. Don’t think that I am in favour of Dictatorship †¦ no †¦ never ever ever †¦ its not possible; my mind refuses to accept the basic and fundamental concept of dictatorship. How can a country like Pakistan, with its population of more than 18 crore, where more than 70 languages are spoken, where people belonging from various religions, cast and nations be ruled by ONE person with its whole sole powers. Experience has shown that in a working democracy mistakes can eventually be corrected before the society breaks down. The history of dictatorships on the other hand shows that they end all in violent and bloody mess. We have seen in Tunis, in Egypt and now witnessing in Libya. Dictatorship is not made for Pakistan. But the Pakistan’s most successful 5 year plan of 1960-1965 was during time of military dictator Ayub Khan. This plan earned Pakistan 200% profit and it was copied by countries like South Korea. USSR lost its respect as super power at the time military dictator Zia-ul-Haq, that’s separate debate what we got in return but we did it. So-called freedom of press was awarded in another military dictator’s time i. e: Pervaiz Musharaf. On contrary democratic governments failed to give us any constitution for 9 years after creation of Pakistan, we got but it was brutally torn apart many times. Democratic government played with it by making silly amendments. It was during democracy when we lost East Pakistan in 1971. It was democratic government who ordered police to open fire on protestors rallying against electoral fraud of 1977. Army action was taken place in Balochistan during democratic government and city of lights had blood bath because of so-called democratic government claiming to be representing majority. And now during democratic time we are still arguing whether Pakistan needs democracy or dictatorship. So this means, something is wrong and has always been wrong which made Pakistan to see the times in which we are living today. May be we never really understood the meaning of democracy. Seems like just completing your count to show majority is democracy, it’s just a number game for us to have the might of majority; whoever they may be and whatever they do. The objective resolution is 1949 states that Pakistan is a sovereign independent state â€Å"Wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed†, the classic example of Dasti with fake degree and winning election confirm the democracy as number game. My point is we got the democracy but we were not able to create any democratic system in which democracy flourishes and don’t remain mere number game. What about an example to make it more understandable. A murderer kills someone and was then caught by lets say 20 men. Voting was held to decide the fate of the killer, 15 among 20 votes in favour to hang him and 5 opposes the decision. If democracy is just game of numbers to favour majority then according to this definition of democracy he will be hanged. On contrary if democracy is a system to govern the country where principles of freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice prevails, the murderer can claim it rights and ask the Judicial system, part of democratic system to prosecute him and decide his fate. Let me put forward to you what I believe real democracy is and what it requires to flourish. Concept of democracy existed in 508 B. C with Greeks, but there has been no final definition on which political science students agreed. That’s why we see many different kind of democratic systems with its own way of selections came over the period of time; famous being presidential democracy and parliamentary democracy, wikipedia can list other for you if interested. But there has been points, some basic structures and some basic requirements everyone have agreed upon; the most important being â€Å"Separation of Powers†. The state is divided into branches, each with its separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches is †¢ Executive †¢ Legislature †¢ Judiciary. In parliamentary democracy like Pakistan the responsibilities of executive is done by Prime Minister along with his cabinet, legislation is done by Parliament with its two houses of National Assembly and Senate whereas Judiciary is definitely a complete system of its own. In Presidential form of democracy the executive is President with his whole power, legislature is Congress and judiciary is judicial system. But we can see in Pakistan cabinet with its large number and corruption, parliament with its fake degrees and suppression of judiciary over the years destroyed and derailed democracy from time to time. Which confirms that whole bunch of other systems has to be defined to ensure proper governance with its real democratic system. I want to put forward the components, rather sub-systems of any democracy but first there are some other basic points of on which different studies have agreed upon. The real democratic system should ensure Shared Respect and Shared Power within its citizens. †¢ Shared Respect Because we all are human and contribute to the society, we should be respecting each other point of view with tolerance and treat everyone equally. Everyone should be given fair chance to learn and develop some skills in order to be useful for the society. And we should all be recognising each other rights irrespective of profession, cast, creed or religion. Thus shared respect ensures thriving democracy. Shared Power A working democratic system ensures shared power between its citizens representing different group of societies. Students unions, factory labour unions, farmer unions and many others represent their respective community thus playing important is democracy of the country. Every citizen voluntarily votes for election of its representative without interference, thus every citizen is sharing bit power indirectly. And most importantly the opposition voices are respected and heard thus ensure their share of power. Beside shared respect and shared power, some conditions of democracy are agreed upon by different political science students’ i. e: Economic balance and Enlightenment. Aristotle believed that the middle income men contribute more to the society thus providing economic balance. Enlightenment is freedom of getting information which is done my public education, books, magazines and most importantly free media. For shared respect, shared power, economic balance and for enlightenment different other systems are put forward in-order to have proper working democratic system which grows and amend itself. I will try to put forward some common and rather most important factors for working democracy. Constitution is the most sacred document in any democratic country. The set of rules put forward by different group of society and agreed upon by the selective representative of society is very important for any successful democratic system. But constitutional history of Pakistan as we all know is very dark and dramatic. For 9 years since the creation of Pakistan we had no constitution, once we had it was brutally raped by dictators. And even last 1973 constitution has been disrespectfully treated by making 19 amendments to it and unfortunately mostly done by democratically elected men. Judiciary should be independent, free from any outside interference. It’s no news for us that how judiciary has been treated. Social Justice is ensured by the judicial system and how it can ensured until unless judiciary is having trouble of its own. Social Security is vital important in any democratic country and is ensured by the security forces or police. Unfortunately in Pakistan the political parties have been assigned different quota to hire its own policemen in-order to confirm the power which totally violates the fundamental concept of democracy. Education system ensures the enlightenment condition of any democratic system. Citizens should be well-aware of laws, constitution and their right. The educational institution should also work as political institution where future leaders or political activist should be created. Student politics should be legal and well governed by the institution itself, otherwise the Family politics will never in country like Pakistan. Election Commission should independent of any political influence and is responsible for free and fare election. The voters list should be error free and encourage its citizen to take part in electoral system. Not only education system, election commission should also be involved in educating the citizens and realising them the importance of voting to decide their future. Last but not least the Accountability. Umer bin Abdulaziz, who was caliph of Ummayid Dynasty and was famously called the fifth caliph once said, â€Å"Rulers usually appoint people to watch over their subjects. I appoint you a watcher over me and my behaviour. If you find me at fault in word or action guide me and stop me from doing it†. The accountability or the check and balance have vital importance in democratic system. This rules out the might of majority and ensures that democracy should not be considered as number game. NAB (National Accountability Bureau) of Pakistan is supposed to responsible for that but unfortunately this institution has never been given its deserved power and been played in hands of politicians. Democracy or democratic system is not heavenly devised system; it is system of government of the people, by the people, for the people; which can have loopholes and can be played with, but proper democratic system grows with time differently from nation to nation. We Pakistanis as independent nation living in independent and sovereign country can, shall and will produce such a democratic system with justice for its citizen, rights of the people, accountability of empowered, education to its youth and proper economic system. No wonder Pakistan can become the country which Allama Muhammad Iqbal wished for. How to cite Democracy or Dictatorship, Papers

Radio Understanding Disabilities Essay Example For Students

Radio Understanding Disabilities Essay Based on a true story, the movie Radio follows a young man named James Robert Kennedy. It opens up showing a bit of insight in his life as he walks through town with a cart avoiding eye contact, insults, and speaking to others. He gets called a moron by a man, and children are shooed away in the first few minutes. It is clear he is different from the people he is around as he walks daily with a cart full of his things and his radio. Walking past the football field like usual, he one day stumbles upon a football thrown over the fence, and when he doesn’t listen to a players demands to return it he again gets insulted called â€Å"dummy† He makes gestures by waving his hands in the air, specifically his right one, and makes no eye contact. He acts as if he cannot hear what he has been told and makes no effort to talk. He shows obvious signs of an intellectual disorder. The first incident that happens in the movie is when he is bullied and taped up, thrown in a shed by the football player who called him a dummy and some team members. We will write a custom essay on Radio Understanding Disabilities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When the football coach, Coach Jones, finds him he’s terrified and runs away from the crowd as fast as possible. He displays more traits of his disorder by appearing a bit socially awkward. As the movie progresses Coach Jones takes him under his wing, inviting him to practices and even noticing his infatuation with radios enough to give him the nickname Radio. Radio visits daily practices and games, and becomes a friend of much of the team. Coach Jones gets him to talk more, interact, and even begins teaching him at school in a classroom. Radio is ecstatic about sports and shows his love of his friends and school. However, Radio’s stability is questioned by residents of the town and his previous bully’s father when the death of his mother strikes and he is left alone in the home. The connection he has come to share with Coach Jones is proven after Radio’s mother dies and the coach is the only one there to console him. Towards the end the parents hold a meeting to discuss allowing Radio to be a part of the school and sports. Coach Jones and his family attend and stick up for Radio against those parents who believe he is too risky to always be around the school. Certain people could not understand why Radio was different at first, but at the end he had come to be adored by so many people, including his original bully. Overall, the story of Radio portrayed a young man with an intellectual disability that was never given a specific label by doctors. He adapted well socially to being in a school environment around other students and staff, and despite a few downfalls he was accepted by mostly everyone, and spent the rest of his life in high school and as a football coach doing what he loved. As for Radio’s disorder, it was described to be something that had never been given a name. After some research further into the movie I found out it was a genetic disorder that was likely passed down from his father. The book Special Education in Contemporary Society explained, for intellectual disorders there is not much research that has been able to fully define what an intellectual disorder is or how it happens. There are many different interpretations, and each case comes to be very different. In Radio’s case because his seemed to be genetic, there wasn’t much research the doctors had done with it either, and instead he was just labeled with a disorder. .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c , .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .postImageUrl , .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c , .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c:hover , .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c:visited , .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c:active { border:0!important; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c:active , .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u91b9bf1ddfdaff9d6df0129b4ecd1f8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Analysis - The Hurt Locker EssayHe had however been able to learn things like how to navigate to and from home, about radios, he recognized faces, and spoke minimally. His cognitive functioning was very low for his age, and he did not know how to write his name when being taught. Although, these are obviously common traits of an intellectual disorder, he was able to learn many other things too. He mimicked the coaches and player, he picked up how he could coach the team, he was able to recite the menu for lunch to the entire school, and also hold a converse so much better. Radio’s disorder was stimulated by the people he came to be around all the time. The students and coaches taught him new things and gave him a sense of importance, which brought him out of his nonverbal shell that the coach had met him in for the first time. Also in the movie was a series of pranks and mean things said by people in order to portray the people who were not understanding or accepting of Radio’s disorder. The movie’s portrayal of these things was to show they can occur in everyday life because people with disorders cannot always stick up for themselves. Radio was very easily influenced from the boys on the football team because he wanted acceptance. He felt that he was one of them, and they were his real friends. In the movie, when the boys told him a coach needed help in the girls’ locker room, he was aware that he was not supposed to be in there, but was not keen on disappointing her or the boys. Also, he was called multiple names during the movie and even labeled as mentally retarded out of someone’s ignorance to his disorder. Another problem that was brought up was Radio’s mother’s concern for how he manages on his own when she is at work. She said she constantly worries about if he is okay, and if he will make it back home safely. In the world of people with diseases and disorders these are very real daily life stressors that they and their family have to deal with. My personal reflection on this movie is that is gave a very strong message out to its viewers. I think it did very well to open people’s eyes that there are disorders out there, and though people may not develop like the rest of us, they are still functioning people in our society. Radio was able to be part of something much bigger which was a community. There were many problems with him fitting into society and many skeptics but the movie brought all of those events together to lead up to his happy ending where he became loved by hundreds of people in the school and town. The actor playing radio especially did a wonderful job in capturing the role of someone with an intellectual disorder. I would definitely recommend this movie to anyone who wants to learn more about how people can function with intellectual disorders and the problems associated with it within a good story.

Peppered Moth Lab Report Essay Example

Peppered Moth Lab Report Paper Explain how natural selection relates to survival of the fittest concept Natural Selection is when organisms with better adaptations live longer and reproduce in greater numbers and the concept of survival of the fittest is the idea that production is the most important thing and the ultimate goal is to survive long enough to reproduce and pass on your genes because this means that your genes will stay in the same population. These two concepts relate because of their common idea of reproduction and the passing on of genes that better help the species to stay alive in their environment. . What determines whether a particular variation is an adaptation or not? A particular variation can be determined as an adaptation if you see the species with a certain variation better surviving than those without the specific variation. If this is seen then it can be determined that the variation is an adaptation because it helped the species survive better in their environment. 3. What changes are evident in the graphs from Pre-longitudinal Revolution (Part I) and Post-Industrial Revolution (Part Ill)? Use examples from your data (graphs and/or tables). Evident changes that occurred between the Pre-longitudinal Revolution and Post-Industrial Revolution were the number of Black Moths remaining at the end of the five trials went up in Part Ill compared to Part l. For example, in Part I at the end of the fifth trial there were nine black moths engaging and twenty-one white moths remaining but at the end of the fifth trial in Part Ill the numbers were reversed and there were twenty-one Black Moths remaining and only nine White Moths remaining. This shows how the Black Moths increased and the awaited Moths decreased. 4. What is the driving force that caused the number of white and black Peppered Moth in the Manchester, England population to change? The driving force that caused the number of white and black Peppered Moth population to change was the Industrial Revolution during the late sasss when smoke particles produced y developing industry began to blacken the trunks of the trees on which the moths rested. We will write a custom essay sample on Peppered Moth Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Peppered Moth Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Peppered Moth Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This made the black moths blend in better with the trees so they were better protected from predators than the white moths who were more visible on the dark trees. As a result there was a change in the population and the black moth population increased and white moth population decreased. 5. Which moth had a higher fitness during the Industrial Revolution? Define fitness in your answer The black moth had higher fitness during the Industrial Revolution because it was able to survive long enough to reproduce and pass on TTS genes. Therefore the black moths genes will stay in the population. Overall, it was more fit than the white moth because it reproduced more and survived better than the white moth. 6. What is the independent (manipulated) variable in this activity (Parts l, II, and Ill)? (hint: this variable is graphed on the x-axis) The independent variable is the number of trials performed. 7. What is the dependent (responding) variable in this activity (Parts l, II, and Ill)? (hint: this variable is graphed on the y-axis). The dependent variable is the number of moths remaining after each trial. Extra-credit Question: . What aspect of natural selection (evolution) does the following step in the activity represent: At the end of each trial, replace each black moth removed with a white moth. Replace each white moth removed with a black moth. Explain your answer. Speciation is the aspect of evolution that best represents the white and black moths being replaced by each other. This activity shows how favorable adoptions gradually accumulate in the population and overtime the adaptation overtakes the entire population and a new species is eventually forms. This activity represents the process of speciation.

Foreign Affair essays

Foreign Affair essays In 1880s many Americans feared about closing of frontier. They reacted in the classic manner of searching farther west of new frontiers. American identity, character, and socio-political development have long existed as areas of grate debate among historians and non-historians alike. Center of Turners thesis did not only help American economy politically but also shape character of its society. Turner gives an importance to the frontier because he believes that the frontier is the key to develop social and political democracy. Extension of the frontier has provided America to develop democracy. Tuners gives more importance to the frontier, because, it is Americas manifest destiny to expand. The founding fathers were showing importance to expansion in order to find land. Turner believed that so long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power. According to Turner expansion for the better economy was very important. Expansion of the frontier would not only bring the free land, but various opportunities for American progress. In the reading The New Era by LeFeber, he also agrees with Turner. In LeFebers essay, he gives four different historians view point on the closing of frontier. Josiah Strong believed in spreading Christianity around the world, Mahan believed that the control of seas would bring great progress of America. Turner on the other hand was more concerned about more than just expansion of the frontier. Along, with the expansion he was also interested in immigration. LeFebers essay talks abo ut Turners view on Japan, Korea and parts of Africa. Turner predicted that the growth of freedom which removes the greatest barrier to progress, the social ferment and the evident tendency toward a new social organization would lead to new era. Turner was intere...

Financier Russell Sage Attacked in 1891 Office Bombing

Financier Russell Sage Attacked in 1891 Office Bombing One of the wealthiest Americans  of the late 1800s, financier Russell Sage, narrowly escaped being killed by  a powerful dynamite bomb after a visitor to his office threatened him with a bizarre extortion note. The  man who detonated a satchel packed with explosives  in Sages lower Manhattan office on December 4, 1891, was blown to pieces. The strange incident took a grisly turn when the police tried to identify the bomber by displaying his severed head, which had been remarkably undamaged. In the highly competitive era  of  yellow journalism, the shocking attack on one of the citys richest men by a bomb thrower and a madman was a bonanza. Sages dangerous visitor  was identified a week later as Henry L. Norcross.  He turned out to be an outwardly ordinary office worker from Boston whose actions shocked his family and friends. After escaping the massive explosion with minor injuries, Sage was soon accused of having grabbed a lowly bank clerk to use as a human shield. The badly injured clerk, William R. Laidlaw, sued Sage.  The legal battle dragged on throughout the 1890s, and  Sage, widely known for eccentric frugality despite his $70 million fortune, never paid a cent to Laidlaw. To the public, it just added to  Sages miserly reputation. But Sage stubbornly maintained he was simply adhering to principle. The Bomber in the Office On December 4, 1891, a Friday, about 12:20 p.m., a bearded man carrying a satchel arrived at Russell Sages office  in an old commercial  building at Broadway and Rector Street. The man demanded to see Sage, claiming he carried a letter of introduction from John D. Rockefeller. Sage was well-known for his wealth, and for his associations with robber barons like Rockefeller and the notorious  financier Jay Gould. He was also famous for frugality. He frequently wore, and mended, old clothing. And while he could have traveled with a  flashy carriage and team of horses, he preferred to commute by elevated trains. Having financed New York Citys  elevated railroad system, he carried a pass to  ride for free. And at the age of 75 he still arrived at his  office every morning  to manage his financial empire. When the visitor demanded loudly to see him, Sage emerged from his inner office to investigate the disturbance.  The stranger approached and handed him a letter. It was a typewritten extortion note, demanding  $1.2 million. The man said he had a bomb in his bag, which he would set off if Sage didnt give him the money. Sage tried to put the man off by saying he had urgent business with two men in his inner office. As Sage walked away, the visitors bomb, intentionally or not, detonated. Newspapers reported that the blast frightened people for miles. The New York Times said it had been clearly heard as far north as 23rd Street. In the downtown financial district, office  workers ran into the streets in a panic. One of Sages young employees, 19-year-old stenographer and typewriter Benjamin F. Norton, was blown out a second floor window. His mangled body landed in the street. Norton  died after being rushed to the Chambers Street Hospital. A number of people in the suite of offices received minor injuries. Sage was found alive in the wreckage.  William Laidlaw, a bank clerk who had been delivering documents, was sprawled on top of him. A doctor would spend two hours pulling shards of glass and splinters out of Sages body, but he was otherwise uninjured. Laidlaw would spend about seven weeks in the hospital. Shrapnel embedded in his body would cause him pain for the rest of his life. The bomber had blown himself up. Parts of his body were scattered throughout the wreckage of the office. Curiously, his severed head was relatively undamaged. And the head would become the focus of much morbid  attention in the press. The Investigation The legendary New York City police detective Thomas F. Byrnes took charge of investigating the case. He began with a ghastly flourish, by taking the bombers severed head to Russell Sages house on Fifth Avenue on the night of the bombing. Sage identified it as the head of the man  who had confronted him in his office. The newspapers began referring to the mysterious visitor as a madman and a bomb thrower. There was suspicion he may have had political motives and links to anarchists. The next afternoons 2 p.m. edition of the New York World, the popular newspaper owned by Joseph Pulitzer, published an illustration of the mans head on the front page. The headline asked, Who Was He? On the following Tuesday, December 8, 1891, the front page of the  New York World  prominently referred to the mystery and the weird spectacle surrounding  it: Inspector Byrnes and his detectives are still completely in the dark as to the identity of the bomb-thrower, whose ghastly head, suspended in a glass jar, daily attracts crowds of curious people to the Morgue. A button from  the bombers  clothing led police to a tailor in Boston, and suspicion turned to Henry L. Norcross. Employed as a broker, he had apparently become obsessed with Russell Sage. After Norcrosss  parents identified his head at the New York City morgue, they released affidavits saying he had never shown any criminal tendencies. Everyone who knew him said they were shocked at what he had done. It appeared he had no accomplices. And his actions, including why he had asked for such a precise amount of money, remained a mystery. The Legal Aftermath Russell Sage  recovered and soon returned to working.  Remarkably, the only fatalities were the bomber and the young clerk, Benjamin Norton. As Norcross seemed to have no accomplices, no one was ever prosecuted. But the peculiar incident moved into the courts following accusations by the bank clerk who had been visiting Sages office, William Laidlaw. On December 9, 1891, a startling headline appeared in the New York Evening World: As a Human Shield. A sub-headline asked Was He Dragged Between the Broker and the Dynamiter? Laidlaw, from his hospital bed, was claiming that Sage had grabbed his hands as if in a friendly gesture, and then pulled him close just seconds before the bomb detonated. Sage, not surprisingly, bitterly denied the accusations. After leaving the hospital, Laidlaw began legal proceedings against Sage. The courtroom battles went back and forth for years.  Sage was ordered at times to pay damages to Laidlaw, but he would stubbornly appeal the verdicts. After four trials over eight years, Sage finally won. He never gave Laidlaw a cent. Russell Sage died in New York City at the age of 90, on July 22, 1906. His widow created a foundation bearing his name, which became widely known for philanthropic works. Sages reputation for being a miser lived on, however. Seven years after Sages death, William Laidlaw, the bank clerk who said Sage had used him as a human shield, died at the Home for the Incurables, an institution in the Bronx. Laidlaw had never fully recovered from the wounds suffered in the bombing nearly 20  years earlier. Newspapers reported that he had died penniless and mentioned that Sage had never offered him any financial assistance.

Lease and licence problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Lease and licence problem question - Essay Example Currently, Jeffrey has found himself with financial constrains, over and above, his marriage being under increased strain. He thinks of selling the property and moving away for sometimes. Two weeks ago, while his wife was away visiting his elderly mother and Peter was on a business trip in America, he found a buyer, David Matthews who was prepared to offer cash for quick sale. A licence is a contractual right to use a property particularly land that would otherwise be illegal. Conversely, a lease is an interest of land that is given by the lesser to a lessee for a defined period of time while granting exclusive possession. In light of this, it is clear that Jeffrey has the legal rights over the property at Georgetown, and hence has title to the property. Needless to mention, Jeffrey is among the people who have indefeasibility of title. According to property law, this means that Jeffrey is included in the title as the owner who has an indefeasible or unquestionable title of the property. Besides, the state guarantees the correctness of the information contained on the title and is, therefore, liable to provide compensation under assurance fund. Thus, legal interests are solely concerned with ownership of property as in the case of Jeffrey who has control that is associated with the ownership.1 With this regard, it is entirely challenging for his wife Alic e to claim any legal right for the property even though she is married to him. The fact that Alice moved into the property in 2005, and has continually spent a considerable amount of her savings in renovating the property to an extent of converting the top floor into an apartment, which Jeffrey later leases out to Peter, a businessman for five years, a situation that does not recognise her as an exclusive or shared possessor. Simply, Alice could only be recognised by Law, only if she was registered as one with ‘equitable interest’ to the property. This way

Services Sector Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Services Sector Marketing - Essay Example But a tangible product's quality can be evaluated at the time of purchase and it can be rejected, if the customer feels dissatisfaction about the product. It also creates problems when customers evaluate a product in terms of it price (Reif 1997). However, consumers can use other attributes of the service provider or the place of his business to evaluate the quality of service. Services are perishable in the sense that they have to be consumed the moment they are delivered by the service provider. If they are not consumed on site or immediately, they will be lost and that cannot be recoverable. They cannot also be stored and as such they cannot add time and place utility to consumers. The service offered at different time point need not have same quality. Consistency and uniformity in service cannot be expected even from the same service points. Naturally, service does not match with what was planned and promised. This causes concern for consumers and they often raise grievances in this respect. Utmost care and attention through personnel training and service maintenance alone can mitigate this issue. The major concern of marketing management is the development of tools for marketing goods and services. The marketing management means and includes all efforts that a marketer/manufacturer takes to make sure that goods and services are smoothly moving from production point to consumption point. In these efforts, marketing team put emphasis on certain elements, which they consider as indispensible for marketing success and they are collectively termed as marketing mix. Traditionally, the marketing mix consists of four components, namely: Product, Price, Place of Distribution and Promotional Activities, commonly referred to as 4 P's of marketing. These components of the marketing mix constitute the core of a company's marketing system. The 4Ps are strongly interconnected. However, with the advancement of modern marketing management theories, some more elements have been added to marketing mix. A brief description of all these elements comes in the coming paragraphs: Product: - is concerned with developing the right products and/or services, which should satisfy some customers' needs. Place: - is concerned with getting the right service to the target market. A service is not of much good to a customer if it is not available when and where it is required. Promotion: - is concerned with the creation of awareness to the target market about the right service. Price: - is very vital since it represents the only element of the marketing mix that creates revenue. Thus, through careful coordination of the 4Ps, management can draw the most benefit from any marketing environment. People: - Everybody involved in the marketing efforts irrespective of designation or status in the organisation. Physical evidence: - all the physical appearances and tangible thing that support the marketing process. Processes: - all the series of

Hilton Hotel Differentiation Essay Example for Free

Hilton Hotel Differentiation Essay Hilton Hotels is one of the biggest players in the US lodging industry. It contributes to about 9% of the total rooms in US lodging market. It has presence in over 78 countries with more than 2500 hotels. Lodging industry is highly capital intensive industry, so to reduce capital expenditure Hilton Hotels opted for self-owned Hotels as well as franchising model with the real estate owners. One of the key features of lodging industry is low switching costs for customers. There is very little margin to differentiate from the major competitors in the industry which include Marriott international, IHG, Accor etc. Key success factor in lodging market is quality of service one provides. Hilton Hotels are highly focused about their service level by providing excellent care to the customers. Traditionally, standardization of service delivery operations has been one of the very difficult tasks in the industry as one has to operate in different geographies. To resolve this issue and to maintain consistent service delivery across different hotels they installed an integrated technology infrastructure called OnQ. CRM system built over OnQ helped the firm to provide excellent service to the customers and provide competitive advantage over its competitors. OnQ facilitated the firm’s CRM (Customer Really Matters) initiative at each customer touch point. Reason for successful implementation of CRM * The major organizational factor that facilitated the CRM initiative is that the firm had the same technology platform and distribution footprint throughout the brand. * Sharing the risk with the hotel owners and avoiding separate technology charges encouraged the owners to adopt the CRM system. * Moreover its focus on delivering efficient service to customers also laid the foundation among the people for the acceptance of CRM initiative. Issue faced in CRM Implementation The major problem during the implementation of CRM initiative was the delivery of consistent services across each brand event after the CRM systems were in place. This was mainly due to the large number of diversified hotels in the chain across the globe Issues resolved by CRM package * With the help of CRM along with recognition of the customer providing personal services was also possible. This helps in tailoring the experience according to customer needs and creating a long term relationship. For eg. Rooms can be pre-assigned and prepared according to customer preferences. * It was also possible to classify customers along different levels (Gold, Diamond etc.) and providing them with differential services. Tiered system allowed the hotels to prioritize pre-assignment and service delivery by identifying most valuable guests. This results in improving efficiency of service by focusing more on most valuable customers. * To maintain brand name uniform services are to be maintained across the hotel chain. With centralized OnQ infrastructure, it became possible for Hilton Hotels to replicate their services across the various hotels across the globe. * The CRM systems helped the company in differentiating its service as well as optimizing some of the activities which lead to the reduction in operational costs. For eg. OnQ Reservation used data from the CRM, allows the agent to access callers’ personal dossier and update their preferences. This helped in reducing the call time as well as promoted the cross selling. Another example is having information prior to arrival of customer helped the firm in maintaining efficiencies especially during later in the evenings when less staff is available. * It also helped in service recovery. If a client had some problem during the last visit, identifying the problem helped in responding better next time. * The SALT (Satisfaction and Loyalty Tracking) survey helped in getting essential feedback from the customers. * Monitoring of the various brands across the chain for quality assurance also became easy. It also enabled the firm to open new hotels at a faster pace and consistently deliver the same service. Summary of Analysis CRM system implementation at Hilton hotels provided with various benefits in term of improved services, cost reduction improved efficiency. Maintenance cost of CRM system is low as compared to the overall revenue of the firm. Currently Hilton Hostels are able to leverage CRM system better than competitors. They still need to search for further options available in improving service using CRM.

Comparing the Struggle for Power in 1984, Fahrenheit 451, Invisible Man and Julius :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Struggle for Power in 1984, Fahrenheit 451, Invisible Man, Julius Caesar, and Lord Of The Flies If you delve into the content of almost any novel, there is almost always some kind of struggle for power. It could be for rightful integration into society; power over an island; power over a country; or in some cases, even power over the minds of others. These not at all uncommon struggles for power are what keep us interested in the plot of a book. The ongoing battle between a character and his cause makes it impossible to put down a good book. For instance, the novel 1984 by George Orwell is about the struggle of a man and a woman to somehow find a way to get out of the constant barrage of cameras and mind control conducted by their government. Although the two of them eventually lost the battle, there was still a victor in the struggle for power: their government. In the novel Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, the main struggle for power deals with the government. This overly oppressive, almost Orwellian style bureaucracy, tries to make sure there is no interaction with books at all. They believe that books permeate their society and corrupt the minds of the people. Unannounced searches of property by "firemen" are not at all uncommon. At the slightest inkling of this futuristic contraband, these firemen will rummage through all of one's property, at times, destroying everything in their path. On the opposite side of that spectrum, there is a struggle for power by the people as well. There is the woman who hid several thousand volumes of books in her house. She loves these books so much that when the firemen ransacked her house, she went down with the books without hesitation. In another example of this ongoing struggle for power, some people's lives were actually transformed into books. Their names changed to the title of the book, and they had to memorize every single written line of text. These people were so determined to fight for what they believed, that it would be impossible to say that some kind of struggle for power did not exist. They were struggling for the power of freedom. There is not only one kind of freedom you can have. Some peoples struggle for the power of freedom might be just to be allowed to exist at all.

Is It Important to Question the Ideas and Decisions of People in Positions of Authority? Essay

Is it important to question the ideas and decisions of people in positions of authority? I believe it is. While rules are meant to be followed, there should always be a reason behind that rule. There are instances where the rule is deemed by society as â€Å"unfair† or â€Å"bias.† There are other instances where the rules can be detrimental to the people following them. Let’s take a trip back to the 60’s. Remember Rosa Parks? She was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. Remember Ruby Bridges? She, a black child, was tormented because she attened an Elementary school for white students only. Now these may seem like trivial things, but if these two, along with many other Civil Rights Activists never challenged authority, segregation in the United States may have continued up to this day. When thinking about rules that can be detrimental to society, I can’t help but remember two books that represent this idea perfectly: Battle Royale, and The Hunger Games. In both books, The government forces civilians to fight to the death in an arena, and only one contestant may live. In both books, more than one contestant broke the rules and survived the game. Had they followed the rules and â€Å"played the game†, one can only imagine the physical and mental injuries they would have endured. Disobeying authority and rebelling actually saved their lives, along with many other potentially endangered lives as well. I do believe that rules are meant to be followed, but I also believe that there should always be a reason behind them. I always question authority if I think that its decisions and intentions aren’t beneficial to me – whether those decisions or intentions are trivial or extreme.

Basic Argument for Fatalism

Metaphysics The â€Å"Basic† Argument for Theological Fatalism Fatalism Fatalism is the view that everything that happens in entirely unavoidable. Since everything that happens is unavoidable, none of our actions are genuinely up to us and we powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Here is Richard Taylor on what the fatalist believes [â€Å"Fate† from Metaphysics, 4th Ed (Pearson, 1991)]: â€Å"A fatalist is someone who believes that whatever happens is and always was unavoidable.He thinks it is not up to him what will happen a thousand years hence, next year, tomorrow, or the very next moment. † (52) â€Å"A fatalist thinks of the future in the way we all think of the past, for everyone is a fatalist as he looks back on things. † (52) We all think of the past â€Å"as something settled and fixed, to be taken for what it is. We are never in the least tempted to try to modify it. It is not in the least up to us what happened last year, yes terday, or even a moment ago, any more than are the motions of the heaves or the political developments in Tibet. We say of past things that they are no longer within our power. The fatalist says they never were. † (52-53) Theological Fatalism According to the main versions of Western Monotheism (e. g. traditional Christianity), God is omniscient. To be omniscient is to have (in some important sense) unlimited knowledge. It’s hard to say what this amounts to, but let’s use the following definition (since it’s common) x is omniscient = for x knows every true proposition and x does not believe any false propositions.Many people think that omniscience is incompatible with human freedom, because it implies the doctrine of theological fatalism. Theological fatalism is the view that all human actions are unavoidable (and we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do) because God has exhaustive foreknowledge of all future human actions. Here is a n important statement of the argument for theological fatalism from Augustine (On Free Choice of the Will, Book III) I very much wonder how God can have foreknowledge of everything in the future, and yet we do not sin by necessity.It would be an irreligious and completely insane attack on God’s foreknowledge to say that something could happen otherwise than as God foreknew †¦ Since God foreknew that [Adam] was going to sin, his sin necessarily had to happen. How, then, is the will free when such inescapable necessity is found in it? Surely this is the problem †¦ How is it that these two propositions are not contradictory and inconsistent: (1) God has foreknowledge of everything in the future; and (2) We sin by the will, not by necessity? For, you say, if God foreknows that someone is going to sin, then it is necessary that he sin.But if it is necessary, the will has no choice about whether to sin; there is an inescapable and fixed necessity. And so you fear that thi s argument forces us into one of two positions: either we draw the heretical conclusion that God does not foreknow everything in the future; or, if we cannot accept this conclusion, we must admit that sin happens by necessity and not by will. The Basic Argument for Theological Fatalism Where S stands for any person whatsoever and A stands for any action, Augustine’s argument can be stated as: 1. For any person, S, and an action, A, that S performs, God knew in advance that S will do A. 2.If God knows in advance that S will do A, then it necessary that S will do A. 3. Therefore, it is necessary that S will do A. 4. If it is necessary that S will do A, then S is not free to refrain from performing A. 5. If S is not free to refrain from performing A, then S does not freely perform A. 6. Therefore, no person ever acts freely. Evaluating the argument Premise 2 is ambiguous †¢P2a: Necessarily, If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A (De Dicto) â₠¬ ¢P2b: If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A (De Re) P2a is true but the resulting argument is invalidP2a is true. It says that the proposition â€Å"if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A† is necessarily true and this just means that it is impossible for God to know in advance that, for example, I will raise my arm at some time and I fail to raise my arm at that time. We can put this by saying that God’s knowing in advance that I will raise my arm at some time logically entails that I will raise my arm at that time. P2a is a way of expressing this truth. The resulting argument is invalid. Using P2a as the key premise, the argument is: 1.Necessarily, if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily, S will perform A. But this argument is invalid (the conclusion doesn’t follow from the premises). W e can show this by means of a counterexample (an argument of the same form with true premises and a false conclusion). The form of this argument is: 1. Necessarily, If p, then p. 2. P 3. Therefore, necessarily q. To see that the argument is invalid, use the following substitutions: p = K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, q = K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. . Necessarily, If K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, then K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. 2. K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs 3. Therefore, necessarily K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. The premises of this argument are true but the conclusion is obviously false (I could go on a diet and successfully lose some weight). I weigh over 199lbs but not essentially. I could weigh less than 199lbs and, in fact, I did weigh less than 199lbs at one point. All that follows from the first two premises is that, in fact, I in fact weight more than 199lbs. It doesn’t follow that it is impossible for me to weigh less than 199lbs.Just in case you are not convince d, here is a second counterexample (Plantinga’s) 1. Necessarily, if I know that George Clooney is a bachelor, then George Clooney is a bachelor. 2. I know that George Clooney is a bachelor. 3. Therefore, it is necessarily true that George Clooney is a bachelor Again, the premises are true but the conclusion is false. George Clooney is a bachelor but he is not essentially a bachelor. He could get married, he just chooses not to. All that follows from the first two premises is that George Clooney is in fact a bachelor (not that he is essentially a bachelor).P2b renders the argument valid but it is obviously false 1. If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily S will perform A. This argument is valid (it’s just modus ponens) and so if the premises were true then conclusion would be true as well. But P2b is false. Given the de re reading of P2b, it says that whate ver propositions God knows are necessarily true or, to put the point in terms of properties, if God knows that some object has a property then the object has that property essentially.Taken in this way, P2b is obviously false (nor does it follow from omniscience). Since the basic argument has to rely on either P2a or P2b, the argument is either invalid or relies on a false premise. Either way it’s unsound. Here is a way of thinking about this criticism of the argument. From the fact that God knows that Paul will mow his yard on July 7, 2015 it follows that, on July 7 2015, Paul mows his yard and that he does not refrain from mowing his yard on that day.But, it does not follow that it is metaphysically impossible for Paul to refrain from mowing his yard that day (that Paul does not refrain from mowing and it is impossible that Paul refrain from mowing are two very different things). All that follows from the fact that God knows in advance that Paul will mow is that Paul will n ot exercise his power to refrain not that he lacks the power the power to refrain. The basic argument for theological fatalism needs the later inference, but that inference is not a good one. Thus, the basic argument fails.

Definition and Examples of Body Language

Definition and Examples of Body Language Body language is a type of nonverbal communication that relies on body movements (such as gestures, posture, and facial expressions) to convey messages. Body language may be used consciously or unconsciously. It may accompany a verbal message or serve as a substitute for speech. Examples and Observations Pamela listened dumbly, her posture informing him that she wouldnt be offering any counter-arguments, that whatever he wanted was okay: making amends with body language.(Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses. Viking, 1988)The fun part is the process of, of getting to know a girl. Its like, its like flirting in code. Its using body language and laughing at the right jokes and, and looking into her eyes and knowing shes still whispering to you, even when shes not saying a word. And that sense that if you can just touch her, just once, everything will be okay for both of you. Thats how you can tell.(Iyari Limon as Potential Slayer Kennedy, The Killer in Me. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 2003) Shakespeare on Body Language Speechless complainer, I will learn thy thought;In thy dumb action will I be as perfectAs begging hermits in their holy prayers:Thou shalt not sigh, nor hold thy stumps to heaven,Nor wink, nor nod, nor kneel, nor make a sign,But I of these will wrest an alphabetAnd by still practice learn to know thy meaning.(William Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, Act III, Scene 2) Clusters of Nonverbal Cues [A] reason to pay close attention to body language is that it is often more believable than verbal communication. For example, you ask your mother, Whats wrong? She shrugs her shoulders, frowns, turns away from you, and mutters, Oh . . . nothing, I guess. Im just fine. You dont believe her words. You believe her dejected body language, and you press on to find out whats bothering her.The key to nonverbal communication is congruence. Nonverbal cues usually occur in congruent clustersgroups of gestures and movements that have roughly the same meaning and agree with the meaning of the words that accompany them. In the example above, your mothers shrug, frown, and turning away are congruent among themselves. They could all mean Im depressed or Im worried. However, the nonverbal cues are not congruent with her words. As an astute listener, you recognize this incongruency as a signal to ask again and dig deeper.(Matthew McKay, Martha Davis, and Patrick Fanning, Messages: The Communication Skills Book, 3rd ed. New Harbinger, 2009) An Illusion of Insight Most people think liars give themselves away by averting their eyes or making nervous gestures, and many law-enforcement officers have been trained to look for specific tics, like gazing upward in a certain manner. But in scientific experiments, people do a lousy job of spotting liars. Law-enforcement officers and other presumed experts are not consistently better at it than ordinary people even though they’re more confident in their abilities.There’s an illusion of insight that comes from looking at a person’s body, says Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago. Body language speaks to us, but only in whispers. . . .The common-sense notion that liars betray themselves through body language appears to be little more than a cultural fiction, says Maria Hartwig, a psychologist at John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. Researchers have found that the best clues to deceit are verballiars tend to be less forthcomin g and tell less compelling storiesbut even these differences are usually too subtle to be discerned reliably.(John Tierney, At Airports, a Misplaced Faith in Body Language. The New York Times, March 23, 2014) Body Language in Literature For the purpose of literary analysis, the terms non-verbal communication and body language refer to the forms of non-verbal behaviour exhibited by characters within the fictional situation. This behaviour can be either conscious or unconscious on the part of the fictional character; the character can use it with an intention to convey a message, or it can be unintentional; it can take place within or outside of an interaction; it can be accompanied by speech or independent of speech. From the perspective of a fictional receiver, it can be decoded correctly, incorrectly, or not at all. (Barbara Korte, Body Language in Literature. University of Toronto Press, 1997) Robert Louis Stevenson on Groans and Tears, Looks and Gestures For life, though largely, is not entirely carried on by literature. We are subject to physical passions and contortions; the voice breaks and changes, and speaks by unconscious and winning inflections, we have legible countenances, like an open book; things that cannot be said look eloquently through the eyes; and the soul, not locked into the body as a dungeon, dwells ever on the threshold with appealing signals. Groans and tears, looks and gestures, a flush or a paleness, are often the most clear reporters of the heart, and speak more directly to the hearts of others. The message flies by these interpreters in the least space of time, and the misunderstanding is averted in the moment of its birth. To explain in words takes time and a just and patient hearing; and in the critical epochs of a close relation, patience and justice are not qualities on which we can rely. But the look or the gesture explains things in a breath; they tell their message without ambiguity; unlike speech, th ey cannot stumble, by the way, on a reproach or an illusion that should steel your friend against the truth; and then they have a higher authority, for they are the direct expression of the heart, not yet transmitted through the unfaithful and sophisticating brain.(Robert Louis Stevenson, Truth of Intercourse, 1879)

A Study Of Carnivorous Plants Essay Research

A Study Of Carnivorous Plants Essay, Research Paper A Study of Carnivorous Plants What precisely are carnivorous workss? They have made visual aspects in infinite films, books, and scientific discipline carnivals, but what defines a carnivorous works is that an indispensable portion of its diet is meat or insects. This includes Venus flytraps ( Dionaea muscipula ) , Pitcher Plants ( Sarrecenia, Nepenthes, and Darlingtonia ) , and Sundews ( Drosera ) . Why must these workss # 8220 ; eat # 8221 ; meat? As workss and animate beings evolve, they change to boom in their environments more efficaciously. These workss evolved in countries with highly hapless, acidic dirt. To do up for this deficiency of foods, these workss developed ways to pin down insects which would supply the foods required ( Meyers, Rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/faq.html, 1998, Carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The best known of these workss is the Venus flytrap, which uses a instead ghastly method of entraping its nutrient ; it has little # 8220 ; mouths # 8221 ; , which are really foliages adapted to work as traps, that near over the insect and so fade out it over a period of a few yearss. This is peculiarly absorbing as one can really see the oral cavities near over the insect. But how does the oral cavity near? Plants lack musculus ; it must utilize a somewhat more circuitous manner of capturing its nutrient. The Venus flytrap uses H2O motion to its advantage ; when something springs the trap, endocrines are rapidly released by the detector cells which cause H2O to travel out of the joint ; this makes the leaf prostration over the insect, pin downing it for digestion ( Meyers, Rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/faq.html, 1998, Carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The Sundew besides moves, although it uses a different technique ; when an insect is captured, the endocrines that are triggered slow the growing of cells on one side of the foliage, while rushing up the growing of those on the other. This causes the foliage to curve up around the insect. A Sundew traps the insects on gluey spinal columns, so it can take its clip in digestion ( Meyers, Rice B.A. , www.sarrecenia.com/faq.html, 1998, Carnivorous Plant FAQ v6.0, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The hurler workss use a tubular root filled with a weak digestive enzyme to capture its quarry. When the insect falls into the # 8220 ; pitcher # 8221 ; , it becomes trapped in the enzyme and is digested. The hurler works besides has a foliage that shields the enzyme from rain, which would thin the solution. ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 ) So, what impact do these workss have on the human race? Well, aside from their economical value to babys rooms and hobbyists, they are of import index species. In a scientific diary by Mary-Jo Godt, she observed that in countries of Florida, endangered species of Sarrecenia were deceasing out due to over-development ; these workss will demo when we are forcing the bounds on our ecological systems before we cause any serious, lasting harm. ( Godt, Mary-Jo ( 1998 ) . The American diary of Botany, Allozyme diverseness in the endangered Pitcher Plant Sarracenia, New York: Hamwick ) Besides being index species, these workss besides play an of import function in many marsh ecosystems. Drosera are used for eatage by elk in the Kenai peninsula, are of import to the continued being of the fens in which migratory water bird, among other animals, unrecorded and mate, organize a primary home ground for an endangered species of rattler in Massachusetts, the eastern massassauga rattlesnake, and are of import beginnings of nutrient for emmets, which will opportunistically feed on the insects trapped on its foliages ( www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~trigg/ , Oct. 19, 1998 ) . They can besides be used to renew bogs, swamps, and wetlands that have been destroyed or damaged by industrial usage or peat excavation due to the fact that they are much more resilient than other carnivorous workss ; one illustration of this is an Ontario bog that had been stripped two metres in peat excavation. It is presumed that they help rhythm foods back into the damaged, alimentary deficient dirt by change overing insects straight into utile substances. They can besides be put to this usage in countries damaged by firing or route building. The foliages of Drosera can be used in the production of cheese as they have the natural ability to clabber milk ; this technique is put to utilize in Sweden even today. The fresh foliages contain an antibiotic that has proven effectual in the combat of several bacteriums ( i.e. , Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pneumococcus ) and has been used to handle respiratory diseases and warts ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oc t. 19, 1998 ) . Unfortunately, Drosera rotundifolia, the round-leafed Sundew ( the most utile of the species ) is endangered due to drainage, which destroys insects that it will feed upon while they are still in the larval phase. They are besides threatened by fertilisers and weedkillers, which stunt the plant’s growing, and by the devastation of wetlands to increase belongings values. However, this works has proven rather immune to heavy graze. This works is found all around the temperate parts of the Earth, so entire obliteration is non an immediate menace if saving attempts are taken. It is found in Wisconsin ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The following works that influences the universe we live in is the Pitcher Plant, or any Sarrecenia, Nepenthes, or Darlingtonia. Darlingtonia californica, or the California Pitcher Plant, emits a putrid odor when damaged or cut, and is hence an unwanted beginning of nutrient. It is, nevertheless threatened by aggregators, who will poach this works from the natural state and so sell it as a wonder. It is an priceless index species of the ecosystems in Oregon and California. It can turn up to 39 inches tall, which makes it an unbelievable spectacle, although most workss will merely turn to be 8 to 24 inches tall. ( www.waikato.ac.nz/~trigg/ , Oct. 19,1998 ) This peculiar works produces its ain H2O, screening outside H2O with a # 8220 ; goon # 8221 ; . Many of the insects that visit the works will imbibe its nectar and flight uneaten, which creates a good relationship between the works and the insects, an built-in portion of the map of an ecosystem. The insects that do acquire trapped are decomposed by bacteriums, as this peculiar species produces no enzymes for digestion. Some insects will really populate insi de the hurler, feeding off of the victims that fall in or come excessively near. This works is considered an index of hapless, serpentine-rich dirt. Sarrecenia Minor, or the Hooded Pitcher Plant, is found in the South-East corner of the United States and ranges through Georgia and Florida. It has a helmet-shaped goon to maintain H2O out. Its chief manner of extension is through seed ; nevertheless, it will renew if atomization of the rootstocks should happen. Bare land is a necessity for the development of seeds. This species is threatened by aggregators every bit good, and local extinction can happen. These workss besides have a symbiotic relationship with many insects, supplying the insects with nectar and eating the occasional careless feeder. ( www.flytrap.demon.cc.uk/plant.html, Oct. 19, 1998 ) Yet another hurler works, the Sarrecenia purpurea is somewhat more widespread than its relations. It is found in 36 provinces including this one. Its goon is positioned vertically, leting rainwater to fall in. Its colour can be anything from xanthous to purple. It is a typical Pitcher Plant, able to propagate through rhizome atomization, but utilizing seed as the chief method. Bees are the chief bearers of the pollen. They thrive in hapless dirt missing minerals such as Molybdenum, and are a good index of where non to turn maize, oranges, or anything else that can non populate in driveway crushed rock. They portion the same symbiotic relationship with insects that the other species enjoy with one noteworthy add-on ; a little, non-biting species of mosquito ballads eggs which grow into larvae entirely in the liquid contained in the hurler of this works. Its diet contains a few interesting add-ons as good, including but non limited to snails, crickets, and grasshoppers. These workss he lp forestall cat tail overpopulation ; in countries where this species of hurler workss was damaged by salt overflow from the route, cat dress suits infested and choked the wetlands. They are desirable houseplants, every bit good. Several species of moth larvae eat entirely from this works, depending on it for their endurance ( FEIS Biological Archive, www.fs.fed.us/database/feis, Oct. 19, 1998 ) . The concluding carnivorous works is the Dionaea muscipalia, or, as it is normally known, the Venus Flytrap ( www.flytrap.demon.cc.uk/plant.html ) . This works is used as a family works non merely for its expressions, but besides for its gruesomely effectual manner of diminishing the fly population in one # 8217 ; s place. This works, contrary to rumours, does non eat worlds ; in fact, the largest being reported eaten by these animals are toads and mice, and these are normally deathlike ailment or wounded at the clip of consumption. This works lives in North and South Carolina. It is non comestible, but plays a function in the environment, as all workss and animate beings do ( Watson, L. , and Dallwitz, M.J. ( 1992 ) . The Families of Blooming Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. New York: Del Ray ) . So, in decision, carnivorous workss are built-in to their ecosystems, and these ecosystems in bend are necessary for the wellness of the planet and world. Without carnivorous workss, these systems could non properly map and life would non be as it is today.

The manufacturing of a Premount Base Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Marketing Ethics and Regulation - Essay Example The code of ethics is one which would really help marketers make the correct choices in many aspects of running a business from determining the price, the promotional materials one makes available to public, accuracy in the representation of the product, support claims made about the product, to the kind of message those advertisements would effect to, and a lot more (Marketing Code of Ethics, n.d.). Aside from these internal factors needed to be considered, a marketer would also have to think about giving the best and what is best to not only their customers but at the same time their employees which is more known as Corporate Social Responsibility. With all these responsibilities that one would be facing as a marketer, the code of ethics would be of utmost help. What is the basic idea of being able to align your business to what is ethical? Well, it is said that the simplest basis of doing so would be making sure you act according to the law. The code of ethics is this law plus all the other specifications that a marketer could possibly encounter that the law would no longer be able to provide for. It reminds any marketer to be responsible for anything they do especially in those situations where there is a grey area wherein it is so easy to succumb to a deceptive marketing. One example of which would be perhaps undergoing cost cutting by choosing a more harmful packaging which is cheaper but could harm your consumers while you justify the act that it is for the common good as you would not have to fire any employee and at the same time cutting cost for your consumers. Indeed, the code of ethics really come into play in pushing a marketer to make the right decision not just according to one point of view but in looking at all the angles of a certain decision (Marketing Tutorials, News, How-to and More, n.d). With

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Innocents Market Entry In Spain

Innocents Market Entry In Spain Introduction To evaluate the possibility of a market entry in Spain, a brief analysis concerning the company and the market will be conducted in this report. Chapter 1: Profile of the innocent company The large-scale company Innocent Ltd was founded by three friends in London in 1999, where it also has its headquarter and today employees about 275 people (Datamonitor 2009). Before they could start their business they had to find and investor, which was very difficult, as they wanted to go on a competitive market, the big drink and food industry. (Germain Reed p. 48 2009) The UK juice market is dominated by Pepsico owned Tropicana and Copella which is the parent company of the PJ smoothie brand. (Germain Reed p. 111 2009) The product range consists of â€Å"smoothies, smoothies for kids, superfruit smoothies, thickies† followed by â€Å"orange juice† and â€Å"veg pots† in 2008 and extended by â€Å"pure fruit squeezies† for kids in 2009 and a recipe book is available. (innocent 2009) The company has a strong brand image standing for natural, healthy and tasty products. They describe their main values as follows: â€Å"Natural, entrepreneurial, responsible, commercial and generous.† (p. 79) Thereby they created a USP by using only natural ingredients and this leads to a competitive advantage against their major competitors â€Å"Merrydown Plc., Kallo Foods Ltd., Princes Limited, SHS Group Ltd. and Britvic Plc.†(Datamonitor 2009) Innocent can be associated with a social and environmental responsible business, which can be seen in a large number of charity and environmental projects. In general a minimum of 10 % is given to Charity each year (Germain Reed p. 83 2009). Through developed communities on facebook, twitter und youtube Innocent is in a continuous informal dialog with their customers. The multilingual webpage provides consumers with detailed information about Innocent, their operations and an advisor page about healthy eating. (innocent 2009) In contrast innocents deal with Mc Donalds to sell the kids smoothies aroused discussions concerning the brand image. It was found that innocent had put sugar in their Juicy Water in 2007. (Daily Telegraph, 2007) There had been some controversial discussions about the production of smoothies, if they are really fresh and natural when the fruit and ingredients travel on a long way. (Donoghue, 2008) In the first three years sales increased from 2 to 16 million euro. S. 64 the predicted turnover will be between 105 and 110 million pounds in 2009. (Tryhorn Sweney 2009) Innocent is the market leader in its product segment in Europe (Daniel 2009) which serves a niche market and has an 82% market share in the UK. (IRI Infoscan 2009) In general the market decreases but in 2009 Innocents sales increased again, e.g. due to the new product vegetable potsâ€Å". (Sibun 2009) Markets Currently the company operates in the European market in 13 countries. Innocent launched its smoothies at first in the UK and then in Ireland, which was a logical step, as the market provided the lowest risk because of similar conditions. Today Ireland is innocents second largest market. (Germain Reed 2009) Innocent incrementally entered the following markets: Germany, Sweden, Northern Ireland, Finland, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria and Denmark. (Germain Reed, p. 64, 2009) Channels The company concentrates on its core competences are RD and Marketing, such as creating new recipes and their knowledge about fruit in general and creating a brand image. All the manufacturing parts of the business are outsourced to their partners, which saves them a lot of money, because they do not need to invest in technical equipment for the production process. (Germain Reed, p. 58, 2009) Moreover they have subsidiaries in Ireland, France, Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany. (Reed, 2007) Innocent has distribution partners selling their products to over 10,000 retailers. (innocent 2009) In the UK the innocent products are available in all Sainsburys, Waitrose, Somerfield supermarkets and in some branches of Morrisons, Budgens, Tesco, Safeway and Asda. Furthermore the products are available in chains such as Starbucks, Bagel Factory, Boots, Booths, Road Chef, Welcome Break, Moto, EAT, OBriens and in â€Å"independent sandwhich shops, delis, health food places and the odd meditation centre.† (innocent 2009) Furthermore premium food outlets and food halls of well known department stores should underline their image of quality food. (Germain Reeds, p.122, 2009) The latest discussion this year was the investment of Coca-Cola as a minority stakeholder with 10 20 % for 30 million pounds. It seems to be a common issue for niche companies that they need more capital to grow but at the same time need to convince people that they are still the same company with the same values. Innocent published a statement on their website. They will use the capital to invest in their European expansion. (Thryhorn Sweney 2009) Chapter 2: Analysis of the Spanish market For the assessment of the Spanish market potential for innocent smoothies it is necessary to carry out a market analysis which can be done by following the 12 C framework and Porters five forces. First of all general information about the country and a focus on the macro environmental factors is needed to get an overview about the political, economic, socio cultural, legal regulatory and technological forces a company might have to deal with in that market. Country: The Kingdom of Spain has a population of 40 million inhabitants that live in a country of 499,542 km ². (p. 10) Political forces: Spain is a member of the EU which has a close integration with other members and profits from EU economic supports that helped the nation for a better standard of living. (Country Report, p. 3) Spain has a parliament monarchy (p. 36) which is ruled by a government with a thin majority at the moment and is therefore dependent of regional parties such as the Catalan and Basque to precede new legislations. This has a negative effect on the promptness of economic processes (p. 14) The federal structure with its regional units autonomy faces difficulties with Basque and Catalonia which fight for independence and that represents a risk of political instability (p. 15) Economic forces: As every country, Spain has to deal with recession and the GDP growth is expected to be negative with 2% (p. 49) Furthermore this country has the biggest drop of all developed nations to 1.8 % in annual economic growth in 2009 (p. 17) Since 2008 the major challenges the country has to deal with are falling inflation and the level of unemployment which is very high and might increase further. (p. 17) Weak domestic demand is also a result of the crisis (p. 2) But the financial system itself is well-developed and integrated into international financial markets. Normally the Spanish banks stand for a high standard of solvency. (p. 3) Along to lines of the EU recovery plan, Spain has implemented some activities such as tax cuts and investment projects to stimulate the economy (p. 54) as well as a fiscal stimulus package that should help increasing investments. (p. 3) In general the economic crises with all its effects leads to an economic slowdown and a long-lasting recov ery period. (p. 16) Social cultural forces: The official language is Spanish, but in certain regions the people speak Catalan, Basque and Galician. The main religion is Roman Catholic which a company should keep in mind when creating advertisement. (p. 10) Spain has to face the problem of an aging population and unemployment which increases an inequality in income and causes social tension as well as the increasing immigration in Spain. (p. 4) The income differs as well between the different regions. (p. 22) The tertiary education grows which could provide the opportunities for companies to get well educated people in that country. (p. 3) Most of the population that means around 78 % of the people live in urban areas around the big cities and many of them around the capital Madrid. (p. 65) Legal regulatory forces: Improvement of legal climate was made by the Spanish government with several reforms such as reduction in tax rates and foreign investment regulations are simplified. (p. 80) Government has an important role in wage fixation (p. 2) which could be important to know if companies develop a subsidiary in Spain. In general the intervention of the government in the market is a challenge. (p. 27) Because the legal Spanish rules and trade regulations are adapted to EU standards business across borders should be easier now. (p. 80) Spain has a high economic freedom score and is on 16th place among 43 countries. Property rights, business, trade, financial and investment freedom are very strong. In contrast to that it is weak in government size, labour and fiscal freedom. (p. 83) Technological forces: Weak input form venture capitalists and private sector causes a lack of entrepreneurship and innovation. (p. 23) Compared to other EU members Spain has been not so quick in adopting technological advancements, but there are things done to change it. (p.71) For example the communication and information segment grew fast in 2002-2006 (p. 73) The environmental policies were created by following EU guidelines (p. 4) and different measures are or will be implemented to reduce impact on climate change (p. 8) Impact of hot climate and a possible gap in water supply may influence some companys production process. (p. 88) (Datamonitor Country Analysis Report Spain, April 2009) Market-specific analysis The juice market includes products from concentrate and not concentrated juice as well as fruit and vegetable drinks and nectars. (Juice Report, p. 7) Market potential: The market value for beverages constantly increases in Spain and has an overall growth of 49% from 1999 2012. (Datamonitor table 2009) The beverage industry can be divided in different categories. The smoothies belong to the soft drinks under non-alcoholic beverages. In comparison to the other non-alcoholic beverages smoothies have the highest market value growth in Europe from 1999 2012 with 458 %. (Datamonitor table 2009) To evaluate the market potential for innocent smoothies in Spain it would be necessary to gather more concrete data. Market size: Spain has a population of 40 million people (Country Report, p. 10) Fruit drinks from juice/concentrate have the highest market share with 36.3 % by value in Spain. 100 % fruit juice that means not from concentrate has a market share of 16.6 % by value in 2008 and the vegetable juice 21%. (Juice Report, p11) Hence there is a market for innocents smoothies but as in other countries it is only a niche market. Market growth: In 2008 the total revenue was $ 2.4 billion, that means an annually grow with a rate of 2.2 % in the period of 2004-2008 and it is expected to reach $ 2.7 million by the end of 2013. (Juice report, p. 7) Profit potential: Until 2013 the market volume is expected to grow with a rate of 2.8% annually. The market volume is expected to increase with 14.8 %. (Juice Report,p.29) The market value is predicted to grow until 2013 with a rate of 2,5 %. (Juice Report, p. 28 ) Indirect competitors: In the beverage industry, especially non-alcoholic drinks, softdrinks: concentrates, functional drinks, juices, bottled water, carbonates, tea, coffee, hot drinks, baby drinks are indirect competitors. (Datamonitor table 2009) Concentration: The Spanish drink retail market is less concentrated in comparison to other countries in the EU. (Juice Report, p. 15) It is necessary to find a statistic where the spread and number of different supermarkets or chains can be seen all over Spain, to decide which retailer could be the most effective for innocent. Therefore it is also important to keep in mind that most of the population lives in urban areas around the big cities. Culture/consumer behaviour: Spain is a typical Mediterranean country with different cultural groupings. (see socio cultural forces) How the Spanish people decide for products and what has the major influence on their purchasing behaviour should be analysed in more detail with a closer look on their lifestyle. In general it is known that they live how it comes and are more spontaneous. But one of the purchasing influences could be that the income between regions and people is really different. (Country report, p.22) Choices: If innocent should launch there products on that market requires a deeper analysis of the companys possible strengths and weaknesses in the Spanish market. As well as on the other European markets. innocent has a niche product and has to compete against global big players in the beverage industry. Their strength is the natural product with environmental and social business ethics. The analysis of suppliers is also necessary. The supplier power is not that strong because numerous operate as small companies. The fruit and vegetable growers sell to with the help of wholesalers or directly to manufacturers. (Juice Report p. 16) For innocent it could be possible to order their fruits from Spanish fruit suppliers which could also help them with their image that they support local companies in their supply chain. Competitors on the Spanish juice market are Juver Alimentacion, S.A. with a 13.3 % market share by volume, followed by PepsiCo, Inc. with a market share of 6.3 % and J. Garcia Carrion with 5.6 %. (Juice Report, p. 13) Juver Alimentaction S.L.U company has a wide range of brands and operates mainly in the Spanish market and also exclusive in restaurants. (p.20) PepsiCo, Inc. is a global player with a wide range of brands and products in the food and beverage industry. (p. 23) J Garcia Carrion produces wine, fruit juice and soft drinks operates primarily in Spain. (p. 26) Other beverage products are indirect competitors which the company has to keep in mind. New entrants is possible as well through product diversification of an operating company in this market or for example a foreign companies export products which would be innocent (Juice report p.17) How much of the Spanish juice market is from imported products and how open the consumer is to non national product needs to be find out. Consumption: Demand for juice can be found in Spain as mentioned before, the market share and value of juice is increasing. A deeper end use analysis should be made by the innocent company for their smoothies. A threat of substitutes such as other non-alcoholic drinks as mentioned before can be found on the Spanish market because switching cost would be relatively low for retailers and consumers. (Juice Report p.18) Contractual obligation: Spain is a member of the EU and therefore business practice, ways of insurance and legal obligations should be similar to the other countries innocent already operates in. (See legal + economic forces) For specific matters the company should cooperate maybe with lawyers or business people in that country. Commitments: To extend their products to the Spanish market innocent has the advantage that Spain is a country of the European Union. Trade incentives and barriers should be moderate. But as stated in the Country Report on p. 17 the EU has comparatively high import tarrifs for fruit juice which could make retailers not import juice from foreign countries. Channels: The market access would be in geographical term easy to proceed. Spain has a well developed infrastructure with ports, airports and one of the best railway systems in Western Europe (Country Report p. 24) Innocent could use most of their current supply chain which would save them time and money. The distribution system in the Spanish juice market is dominated by on-trade with 27.9 % followed by independent retailers 25.2%, supermarkets/hypermarkets 24.9 % and 22% others. (Juice Report p. 27) Communication: Media infrastructure as stated in technological forces is growing and available to reach the target group. Marketing in collaboration with retailers and on TV might be the most effective way to reach the target group. In the big cities big adverts might be also a good solution. It would be good to do further evaluation of the costs of the different modes and how often people watch TV or which media such as newspaper, internet and mobiles they use in which way. This also should include how and through which channels the Spanish people do their shopping. Innocent could also use their company cars for promotion tours. Capacity to pay: As found out in the economic forces the unemployment is high and income divers among the people and between the regions, so that it is reasonably that the capacity to pay is very different across the Spanish country and probably higher in big cities. The price level is 10 % lower than the EU average. (eurostat, p. 4)To find out more about the culture of pricing and trends, how insurance terms work and what common conditions of payment are in Spain, a more specific analysis is needed. The ECB controls the fiscal policy in Spain because it is a member of the EU. Price stability is a main intention of the central bank in Spain. (Country Report p. 59) Insurance regulator, to prevent unhealthy practice Currency: As all the other countries that innocent operates in Spain has the Euro currency as well. The Euro is at the moment a stronger currency in comparison to UKs sterling. Exchange controls nearly do not exist anymore (Country Report p.80) and restrictions are widened and adapted to EU standards. (see legal forces) Caveats: Innocent should be aware of the fact that Basque and Islamic terrorist groups have a presences in the country which might be a risk. (Country Report, p. 3) Porters five forces: new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers and buyers the threat of substitutes and the market competitors with their intensity of rivalry (Hollensen p.) are seen as moderate in the juice market in Spain (Juice Report p.15) and are included in the 12 C analysis. Some of the large chains and buying groups boost buyer power. (Juice Report p. 15) Rivalry is weakened because the 3 competitors mentioned earlier are operating in more than one segment. (Juice Report p. 19) Chapter 3 Challenges The principal challenge of the Spanish market is first of all that there are already many companies on the juice market. Innocent offers only a niche product with a relatively high price which could be difficult as a high unemployment rate and an unequal income is characteristically for the country. Furthermore the potential consumers are spread in the country side and in contrast to that a bigger concentration with people live around the big cities. Product: Innocent should think about if they have to adapt their products. It may be that the Spanish people have a different taste. The product labels need to be in Spanish. It might be that people from Catalan and Basque do not buy the smoothies because they are not in their language. The Spanish people might be not open to fruit products from the UK, as they have their own fresh fruits in the country. Promotion: Cultural difference should be taken into account when innocent creates their advertisement. Most of the Spanish population is Roman catholic. All the materials have to be in Spanish so that the people can understand them. To promote the product on this new market innocent will need to invest a lot of time and money to achieve a certain degree of brand awareness and a positive customer perception. Therefore they should first concentrate on regional advertisement and later on national advertisement. Price: They have to explain their premium price to the Spanish consumers and therefore need to create a perception by the consumer that they will benefit from this product. If they want to have a chance it this market they might have to adapt their price to common prices in the Spanish juice market. Place: Innocent has to find distributors that can supply their products to the target group. In every country innocent uses retailers and supermarket chains in the respective country. It will be a challenge for innocent to get stocked with Spanish retailers, as they need those who have a wide spread over the country and a good reputation. The space is rare on the supermarket shelves and they will need a good strategy to convince the retailers to exchange products with those from innocent. Furthermore innocent needs to find such retailers or stores that match to there brand image. When they get contracts with Spanish retailers they might also loose a certain control over the supply chain of their products. Chapter 4 Market entry modes For the first two years it is recommendable that innocent uses export modes as a market entry model. At the beginning the risk is higher that the Spanish people will not accept the smoothies. Export modes are less cost intensive and therefore present a lower risk for the innocent company. For a direct export mode the innocent company needs to build up contacts with distributors or agents in the Spanish market. In the beginning they should mainly concentrate on big cities such as Barcelona and Madrid and the urban areas around these big cities. High end supermarket chains which need to be researched in detail by innocent are most suitable for their brand image. How to go into markets? tried different versions franchise brand, joint ventures? Having team in the country, mix of know hoc innocent and local Try to get in the best outlets PR- vans out on the road Word of mouth When certain distribution level reached, regional advertising, national advertising campaign hotels Trade regulations most of the products import from EU countries without duty or not much depends on product.t preferential tariffs and EU trade barriers are also applied p. 82 â€Å"Spanish law permits foreign investment of up to 100 % of equity, capital movements liberalized, â€Å"authority of Spanish competition commission widened to make enforcement more effective p. 4 Bibliography Dan Germain, Richard Reed Innocent our story some things weve learned. 2009 London, Penguin Books Donoghue, A. (2008) Innocent Smoothiess green claims go pear-shaped. Business Green, 8 August. Sibun, J. (2009) Tough time for smoothie maker Innocent. Daily Telegraph, 8 November. (2007) Innocent has lost its innocence. Daily Telegraph, 20 May